Macrophage polarization is a process by which macrophages, a type of immune cell, are activated and differentiate into distinct functional states in response to different stimuli in their environment. These stimuli can include microbial products, cytokines, or tissue damage signals. There are generally two main polarized states of macrophages: M1 and M2. M1 macrophages are classically activated and are typically involved in pro-inflammatory responses and pathogen defense. M2 macrophages, on the other hand, are alternatively activated and are involved in tissue repair, wound healing, and immune regulation. Research in macrophage polarization seeks to understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate macrophage activation and polarization, as well as the functional consequences of different macrophage states in various physiological and pathological conditions. This area of research has implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies for inflammatory diseases, cancer, and autoimmune disorders.